The Wall in Robert Frosts Mending Wall As A Symbol of Division Essay Example for Free

The Wall in Robert Frosts Mending Wall As A Symbol of Division Essay The ordinarily mundane takes a thought arousing spin in one of Robert Frost’s earlier works, â€Å"Mending Wall†. This poem is a striking take on an otherwise commonplace ritual between two farmers in the spring. Because the poem is in blank verse, it carries a casual folksy feel throughout, contradictory to its deeper message and paradoxical tone. â€Å"Good fences make good neighbors. † This line is a paradox when compared with the previous statement, â€Å"Something there is that doesn’t love a wall. † Fences equate to walls, and what are walls but provisional boundaries? The boundary in this story is a fence made of stone that separates the properties of two neighboring farmers. This wall is the focal point of the poem, the subject that brings to attention the divide between individuals. The speaker one day finds the wall broken from what appears to be the after effects of winter. He calls his neighbor to meet with him to fix the wall and does so annually. The wall is ironic in that although it separates the two individuals, it brings them together once a year. The two live united, but separated. The wall is a metaphor for the separation between the speaker and the neighbor and perhaps even a greater analogy for the division of people as a society. These divisions could include a division of thought, which we see is different for the two characters. The speaker believes that the wall is unnecessary when he asks his neighbor, â€Å"Why do they make good fences? Isn’t it where there are cows? But here there are no cows. † His neighbor replies with the same old adage he stated before. It is apparent that the neighbor and speaker are of differing opinions and backgrounds. We might even assume that the neighbor and speaker are of different ages, meaning there may be a generational gap between the two that creates this difference of opinion. â€Å"Something there is, that doesn’t love a wall That sends the frozen ground swell underneath it. † A reversal of syntax in the first line paints the narrative in a decidedly ambiguous manor and leaves it up to the reader to interpret what â€Å"something† could be. We find out later that that something likely is nature, or the natural forces of winter. The wall is portrayed as an unnatural thing, something that is not a part of nature, something that does not fit in with the natural environment. This notion is supported when he later states, â€Å"To each the boulders have fallen to each. And some are loaves and some are so nearly balls we have to use a spell to make them balance†. Frost suggests that there is a natural force tearing down the walls because the walls are not natural. The narrator stresses that the rocks that make up the wall fit together so unnaturally and so imperfectly that they need a â€Å"spell† to help them balance. Spells are unnatural and are magical, so it is as if the wall is held up by spells. We can garner from the text that this particular wall has many forces out to destroy it(eg. natural tolls, animals, hunters, etc. ) and its destruction is an annual occurrence. Even its reoccurring destruction implies its unnaturalness and that nature does not agree with it. Perhaps nature itself is intent on destroying the wall, as it is an unnatural extension of man and all unnatural extensions of man(eg. skyscrapers, buildings, cities) are meant to fall down to nature at some point. The paradox again is that the wall is made of stone, or natural elements, and this wall is destroyed each year. Perhaps the destruction is a reflection of the speaker’s desire to break down the physical and imaginary boundary between the two neighbors that the wall represents.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a serious respiratory condition of diffuse alveolar injury seen frequently in intensive care patients. It was first identified in 1967 by Ashbaugh, Bigelow, Petty and Levine as the acute onset of broad respiratory symptoms. This improved the clinical and pathological understanding of the condition. Small changes to therapeutic practice have developed, however despite these developments the morbidity and mortality in patients of all ages with ARDS remains significantly high (Fan, Needham, Stewart, 2005). This topic has been chosen by the author as they have a personal interest in this type of patient after having recently cared for a critically ill ARDS patient in their ICU (Intensive Care Unit). The author has previously been involved in caring for ARDS patients at their place of work and over that period has observed changing practices and treatment. A further knowledge and understanding of this complex patient is their motivation for this topic. A case study relating to a case of ARDS is attached as Appendix 1 and will be referred to throughout this assignment. The pathophysiology of this disease leading up to the presenting signs and symptoms of ARDS will be presented. Current literature and treatment trends will be discussed in conjunction with the medical and nursing practice observed within the ICU workplace. Treatment trends and recommended best practices will be identified and critically analysed. Recommendations will then be presented to encourage best practice within the ICU workplace. First described in 1967 by Ashbaugh and colleagues as Adult Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, ARDS patients continue to have a high rate of mortality and morbidity (Fan, Needham, Stewart, 2005). A definition was implemented in 1988 (MORE DETAILS>>>) and then a new simplified definition was recommended in 1994 by the American-European Consensus Conference (AECC) (Harman 2009). It acknowledged that the severity of lung injury varies, and it was a definition that was easy to apply in the clinical setting (Ware Matthay, 2000). The new definition involved changing the name from adult to acute respiratory distress syndrome as it was observed that the syndrome occurs in adults and children. The AECC definition states that the patient must have an acute condition, characterised by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and severe hypoxaemia in the absence of evidence of cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Hypoxaemia is calculated as a ratio of PaO2/FiO2. In ARDS the ratio is less than 200. Cardiogen ic pulmonary oedema is excluded either clinically or by pulmonary wedge pressure of less than 18mm Hg in patients with a Swan-Ganz catheter. Despite this official and accepted definition there is still argument over the ability to accurately define ARDS when it is a syndrome and not an illness and because of this the presentation and pathway of the disease varies between patients (Zambon Vincent, 2008). There has also been criticism over the simplicity of the AECC definition as it does not identify the underlying cause, nor does it require other systems affected to be assessed (Ware Matthay, 2000). The major benefit of the universally accepted definition has been the ability for hospitals and investigators to begin the advancement of clinical trials into treatment of this syndrome (Ware Matthay, 2000). In patients diagnosed with ARDS 80% can have the cause related to either direct or indirect injuries. Direct injuries include pneumonia, aspiration, lung contusion, fat embolism, near-drowning, inhalation injury, and reperfusion injury. While indirect injuries include non-pulmonary sepsis, multiple trauma, massive transfusion, pancreatitis and cardiopulmonary bypass (Berten Soni 2009). This insult to the respiratory system is reflected in a variety of pathophysiological presentations leading to the patients presenting signs and symptoms. There are 3 identified stages of ARDS. The acute or exudative phase is seen in days 1-7. The sub-acute or proliferative stage is seen from around day 7, and the chronic or fibrotic phase is generally seen around 2-3 weeks after the initial onset (Marshall, Bellingan, Laurent, 1998, Griffiths 2007). The exudative phase leads to the disruption of the normal alveoli-capillary barrier which therefore disrupts ventilation and oxygenation. Inflammation occurs in the lungs and the body releases cytokines and inflammatory mediators from the epithelial and endothelial cells. Other cells (neutrophils and T-lymphocytes) move into the lungs and causing alveolar damage. The inflammation causes endothelial dysfunction, and increases the permeability of this barrier which allows fluid to escape from the capillaries and limits the draining of fluid out from the lungs. Small vessel thrombosis occurs as a result of pulmonary capillary and endothelial swelling Cell debris plugs the alveolus lumen leading to pulmonary oedema increasing the thickness in the alveolar-capillary space. Surfactant supply depletes and production becomes inactivated. The exudative phase is seen in the ICU patient as increased shortness of breath, higher respiratory rate, productive cough, wet sounding chest, decreased oxygenation. These symptoms were all seen with the patient in Appendix A. The Proliferative Phase is and involves the initial stimulus causing the stimulation of the cascade effect. All ARDS patients will experience this stage. It leads to an increase in the permeability of the alveolar-capillary barrier leads to a rush of fluid into the alveoli. This injury allows pulmonary oedema to occur in patients with no known cardiogenic failure. This protein rich fluid engulfs the alveoli drawing in activated neutrophils and macrophages. This initiates the inflammatory cascade which releases interleukins, tumour necrosis factor and inflammatory mediators. Neutrophils release oxidants, leukotrienes and various proteases. The effect of this process is cell damage, with cell debris blocking alveolus lumen and the inactivation of surfactant. As a result platelets combine, a procoagulant cascade may arise. Surfactant inactivation, alveolar filling, cellular debris all lead to an increase in respiration rate. Surfactant loss causes alveolar collapse due to increased surface tension and causes a decreased closing lung volume. This leads to less than normal functional residual capacity causing increased respiratory rate and reduced lung compliance. The alteration in the harmony between alveoli and vascular ************************************************** The proliferative stage is generally seen after day 7. It involves the proliferation of fibroblasts, hyperplasia of pneumocytes and ongoing inflammation. The Fibrotic phase is seen 3 weeks after presentation and the patient is seen to have lung fibrosis, honeycombing and bronchiectesis. This leads to long-term chronic lung conditions. Clinical management of ARDS is focused on promptly and appropriately treating the underlying cause, supporting lung function and preventing complications related to the medical treatment and the disease process. No treatment is definitive, but early anticipation of complications can reduce the length of stay. Treatment is supportive As previously noted mortality rates have barely reduced over the years. There has been much research into new ventilation strategies along with pharmacological and non-pharmacological techniques. So far few have improved survival. The most important and practice changing study was in 2000 when The Acute Respiratory Syndrome Network did a large (861 patients) multi-centred randomised trial comparing traditional tidal volumes with lower tidal volumes. At the time patients were being ventilated with tidal volumes (VT) of 10-15ml per kilogram of body weight with plateau pressures of 50, to achieve normocarbia and pH. The study was abandoned early as there was seen to be a 22% decrease in mortality of those patients with the lower range of TV. The high peak pressure and the high tidal volumes were found to be causing shearing injuries to the lungs and also causing a higher mortality. This study revolutionalised ventilation strategies of ARDS patients and demonstrated that lung protection techniques could improve survival (Levy, 2004). It is now common practice worldwide to ventilate patients on tidal volumes of around 6ml/kg and as low as 4ml/kg and to allow permissive hypercarbia. I There continues to be research in to the benefit of PEEP in ARDS. There have been several studies conducted looking at the benefits but few have had conclusive results. Ashbaugh et al. (1967) identified patients that were mechanically ventilated with ARDS and had no PEEP became immediately severely hypoxaemic. Research has continued since then as to identify the optimal amount of PEEP. PEEP is important as it assists the severe ARDS patient by minimising alveolar collapse and improving gas exchange and lung compliance. Traditionally PEEP is set at 5-12cmH2O (Briel et al., 2010) but it is yet to be established what is the optimal level of PEEP ( Gattiononi, Caironi, 2008, Dellinger, Levy, Carlet et al, 2008). recent studies have been trying to identify if higher PEEP is better than lower, or traditional PEEPS. The problem has been what is low and what is high PEEP? A recent analysis by Briel et al. (2010) and supporting commentary by Rubenfeld (2010) has identified that the it has also been found that PEEP can be dangerous in but it is not established how much is enough PEEP. The author has identified medical and treatment seen within their place of work and will discuss this further. Oxygenation is optimised as seen in appendix A by Treatment includes optimising gas exchange by maintaining oxygenation, adequate tissue perfusion. Strict fluid balance. Ensuring nutritional requirements are met Before 1990 ARDS was reported to have a mortality rate of 40-70% in the US (there were few studies outside the USA initially) (Harman, 2009). Since then several studies have been done around the world. New research has found the rate of mortality has deceased marginally in some studies, but still not significantly. A couple of studies in the US and the UK in the 1990s have found mortality rates much lower in the 30-40% range (Davidson, Caldwell Curtis, 1999, Davey-Quinn, Gedney Whitely 1999). A 2002 Australian study identified mortality at 34% (Bersten, Edibam, Hunt, Moran, and the ANNZCCSCTG). A 2008 systematic analysis of ARDS statistics identified mortality still in the range of 15-61% in studies published after 2000 (Zambon Vincent, 2008). It must be acknowledged that some of this data was from studies with very small groups of patients in the trials. Despite this it still identifies a high rate of mortality and very little improvement in survival over the years. Improvements have been developed in the care due to ventilation strategies, improved intensive care better understanding and treatment of sepsis, recent changes in the application mechanical ventilation, better overall supportive care of critically ill patients Medical and nursing management within the authors One of the biggest developments in the treatment of ARDS was a study done in 2000 which challenged the traditional ventilation of high Treatment is supportive with the aim of maintaining adequate oxygenation to the tissues via APPENDIX 1 Mrs X is a 51 year old female who is normally fit and well. She has no past medical history. She does not take any regular medicines. She has no known allergies. She lives with her husband and 3 adult children and works full time. She returned from Melbourne 10 days prior to her presenting symptoms appearing. Mrs X has been unwell for 7 days with lethargy, myalgia, and a slight cough. She presents to her GP with a 72 hour of worsening headache, myalgia, and now a productive cough. Her GP prescribes antibiotics (Amoxycillin) and advises her to commence them the following day. The following day Mrs X is taken to the local tertiary hospital (A) by her husband with further worsening symptoms and now respiratory distress. Her respiratory rate is 30; her SpO2 is 93% on room air. She is tachycardic (110), afebrile, normotensive and her chest x-ray shows right middle and right lower lobe pneumonia, early basal consolidation, and a small left pleural effusion. Mrs X is admitted to the medical ward on CPAP Presents at tertiary hospital (A) with worsening symptoms. Respiratory Rate 30. CXR shows RML + RLL pneumonia, early basal consolidation, and small L) pleural effusion. Admitted to medical ward with CPAP, tiring over the evening with increasing PEEP and FiO2 requirements. Transferred to ICU on CPAP. Intubated at 2130hrs due to worsening condition and tiring. Continues to deteriorate over the next 12 hours, now with a vasopressor requirement. Referred to tertiary hospital (B) for transfer. Swabs and cultures taken for multiple bacteria and to identify the source of pneumonia. Broad spectrum antibiotic cover commenced. (Screening included H1N1, mycoplasma serology, and urinary legonella-all eventually coming back as negative). Managed in tertiary hospital (A) overnight with high PEEP (20) and Fio2 (90%) requirements. Spo2 and PaO2 remain low (85%/55). Recruitment manoeuvres attempted by consultant and found to bed unsuccessful. Bloods show early coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia. Worsening CXR: RUL, RML, RLL, LML, LLL consolidation. Discussion with family regarding possibility of ECMO in tertiary hospital (C) if continued deterioration. Tertiary hospital (B) arrives the following afternoon. Pt being managed prone. Unproned and transferred to Tertiary Hospital (B). Arterial blood gas on arrival= Managed in hospital (B) with high respiratory support. Peaking with Fio2 1.0 PEEP of 24. Aiming for Pao2 >60, SpO2 >88%. Condition further deteriorates on day 3 in hospital (B). Ventilation and oxygenation proving difficult. Any movement causing severe desaturation. Increasing PEEP (18) and decreasing FiO2 (0.6-0.7) found to be beneficial in this patient. ABG over the day Time FiO2 pH pCO2 pO2 0908 0.6 7.35 53.5 59.7 1452 0.7 7.36 52.4 60.5 2001 0.6 7.35 53.6 62.6 2300 0.7 7.38 49.7 55.0 Initial arterial blood gas shows Sedated on morphine and midazolam and propofol. Strict fluid balance. Commenced on regular IV steroids. IV frusemide. IV erythromycin and imipenem. FASTHUG principle applied. Enteral feeding recommenced Remained febrile despite antibiotic and line changes. Chest drain insertion on day 3 in hospital (B) Tracheostomy on day 9 as not respiratory or cardiovascularly stable enough earlier. Remained on a FiO2 of an average of 0.60 and PEEP of 16-20 for the first 12 days. De-sedated and a slow respiratory wean commenced on day 10. Patient continues to be critically ill and have slow respiratory wean on day 18 when she is transferred back to her domicile hospital (Hospital A) to continue recovery and weaning

JP Morgan Essay -- essays papers

JP Morgan John Pierpont Morgan is considered one of the founding fathers of the modern United States economy. He was an industrial genius that is accredited with the founding of many companies including General Electric and AT&T. However, Pierpont is looked upon as a saint and demon the same. He received a honorary degree from Harvard university that read: "Public citizen, patron of literature and art, prince among merchants, who by his skill, wisdom and courage, has twice in times of stress repelled a national danger of financial panic." But Robert LaFollette, the Wisconsin progressive, saw him as "a beefy, red-faced thick-necked financial bully, drunk with wealth and power." Despite conflicting opinion on his persona, his influence and character shaped the business world more so than any other person at the turn of the century. Morgan was a banker, railroad czar, industrialist, financier, philanthropist, yachtsman, and ladies' man. He was king to a handful of millionaire barons who contro lled the country's wealth in an era of little government regulation. The wealth of the Morgan family did not begin with Pierpont but with his grandfather Joseph Morgan. Joseph prospered as a hotelkeeper in Hartford, Connecticut. He helped to organize a canal company, steamboat lines and the new railroad that connected Hartford with Springfield. Finally he became one of the founders of the Aetna Fire Insurance Company. Joseph's first son was Junius Spencer Morgan, also destined for the life of a businessman. He spent a number of years as a dry-goods merchant before moving to Boston and into the foreign trade business. Junius was invited to join the firm of George Peabody & Co. in 1854. In 1864 Junius took over the Peabody Company and changed the name to J.S. Morgan & Co. John Pierpont Morgan was born on April 17, 1837 in Hartford, Connecticut. He was nicknamed "Pip" by his childhood friends. The family prospered in Hartford until Junius moved the family to Boston where Pip began Boston English High. He did well in the prestigious high school and then in his second high school in Vevey, Switzerland. The family moved to London and John transferred to the University of Gottingen in Germany. John continued to excel in his studies and majored in mathematics. He began to become interested in business affairs as he started and investing club amongst his friends and... ...l Company, the National Tube Company and the American Bridge Company. One of Morgan's most famous business deals was the formation of the United States Steel Corporation in 1901. Morgan collaborated with Elbert Gary and John Gates to consolidate different steel companies to form a "supercombination." The U.S Steel Corporation was Bibliography: Allen, Frederick Lewis. The Great Pierpont Morgan. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949. Grant, Peter. "The Giant J.P. Morgan and The Panic of 1907." The New York Daily News 20 Mar. 1998: 49 "J. P. Morgan". Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribners and Sons, 1934. Vol. 7 "J. P. Morgan". International Directory of Company Histories. Chicago: St. James's Publishing, 1990. Vol. 2 Mooney, Richard. "Banker of America." The Boston Globe 4 Apr. 1999: L1 "Powerful house of Morgan Changes with the Times." The San Diego Union-Tribune 24 Feb. 1986: 18 Sinclair, Andrew. Corsair: The Life of J. Pierpont Morgan. Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1981. Strouse, Jean. Morgan: American Financier. New York: Random House, 1999. Winkler, John. Morgan the Magnificent. New York: Garden City Publishing, 1930. www.jpmorgan.com

Louis Armstrong Essay -- essays research papers fc

Louis Armstrong's Influential Career Louis Armstrong’s Influential Career Louis Armstrong was the most successful and talented jazz musician in history. His influence and expansive career continues to make waves in the jazz world. That is what made him become what he is to many today – a legend. Born on August 4, 1901, in the poorest section of New Orleans, Armstrong grew up with his grandparents due to his parents’ separation. On January 1, 1913 he made a mistake which turned out to be the best thing that ever happened to him. At a New Year’s celebration in downtown New Orleans, Louis Armstrong, also known as â€Å"Satchmo† and â€Å"Satch†, fired a pistol into the air and was placed in the Colored Waifs’ Home. It was there that he was introduced to Peter Davis – the brass band leader who taught him how to play the cornet (Brown 17). Soon after he began playing, Armstrong was made leader of the band – something he was extremely proud of. In June of 1914, Ar mstrong was free to leave the Waifs’ Home. He was hired by various cabarets throughout the city, as well as for picnics, dances, and funerals. It was at one of these places that he was spotted by the famous Joe ‘King’ Oliver. King Oliver found Armstrong stand-in slots at orchestras and other venues. In 1918, he was offered the vacant seat left by Oliver in the band the Brown Skinned Babies. Kid Ory, leader of the band, once said that after Louis joined them he, â€Å"†¦improved so fast it was amazing. He had a wonderful ear and a wonderful memory. All you had to do was hum or whistle a new tune to him and he’d know it right away† (Boujut 21). At the end of 1918 Armstrong married Daisy Parker, a prostitute he had met at a dance hall that he played on Saturday nights. The marriage ended only four years later due to her beating him regularly (Bergreen 87). Louis Armstrong was hired in May of 1919 to play on a riverboat that traveled the Mississipp i River from New Orleans to St. Louis. Armstrong soon became very popular in St. Louis and was in high demand (Collier 124). Two and a half years later, he was thrown off the riverboat and fired due to a fight. After returning to New Orleans, he received a telegram from King Oliver in Chicago. It was an invitation to join The Creole Jazz Band – an offer Armstrong couldn’t refuse. The Jazz Band cut it’s first record in the spring of 1923 and toured throughout Illinois, Ohio,... ...s he starred in which shared the same title. For the next seven years of his life he was in and out of the hospital due to heart and kidney problems. On July 6th, 1971, Louis Armstrong died of a lung infection and heart complications. His last wish, that his trumpet be buried with him, was granted. Louis Armstrong influenced almost all aspects of jazz technique and style. He was the first to improvise and elaborate on a given melody. This technique has since been attempted and copied time and time again. Armstrong introduced a freedom to music that continues to impact popular music (Sadie 601). Without this American genius music would not be what it is today. Bibliography Works Cited Bergreen, Lawrence. Louis Armstrong: An Extravagant Life. New York: Broadway, 1997. Boujut, Michel. Louis Armstrong. New York: Rizzoli, 1998. Brown, Sandford. Louis Armstrong. New York: Watts, 1993. Collier, James Lincoln. Louis Armstrong: An American Genius. New York: Oxford, 1983. Crouch, Stanley. â€Å"Louis Armstrong.† Time 8 Aug. 1998: 170. Sadie, Stanley. ed. â€Å"Louis Armstrong.† The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 6th ed. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan, 1995. Word Count: 1246

Helen Stoner :: English Literature Helen Stoner Essays

Helen Stoner Helen Stoner is instantly stereotyped by readers as a judicious and unpretentious lady of high society England. Conan Doyle pulls the strings of the Victorian males desires and creates a 'damsel in distress', who comes to a man for aid that she does not have the resources to conclude herself. He portrays her as a woman who is wronged and in great danger therefore adding to the suspense of the story. Analysing the assortment of clothes that she is wearing the reader can conclude that she is of sufficient 'breeding' and discreet. 'A woman dressed in black, and heavily veiled' tells us that she is unaccustomed to travelling around the conurbation solitary. She is dressed in black as not to attract attention. It was uncommon for women of a high-class family to travel around the metropolis alone, she may think this shameful, which is interesting considering that it contrasts to modern day westernised civilisation where it could be interpreted as independent. Manners were of paramount importance in Victorian society, and Helen Stoner is represented as a woman who is capable of being able to display the correct 'society manners'. Victorians were very pedantic about how a woman was allowed to greet any males in her presence. The fact that she is 'heavily veiled' specifies that she does not wish for Dr Watson or Mr Holmes to direct any attention to her looks but instead to her story. This suggests to the reader that no improper conduct was to be entertained. Helen Stoner also clearly has a methodical mind. She has natural intelligence yet is prohibited to show any real deduction that may question a mans views. This is why she visits Mr Holmes. She has no power over her stepfather, her views, as a woman would be thought totally irrational by other males, so she seeks professional (male) help in the form of Sherlock Holmes. It is comprehensible to me that she has been pushed beyond her mental limitations as a human being long ago, 'She raised her veil as she spoke, and we could clearly see that she was indeed in a pitiable state of agitation, her face all drawn and grey, with restless, frightened eyes, like those of some hunted animal. Her features and figure was those of a woman of thirty, but her hair was shot with premature grey, and her expression was weary and haggard' yet she has put up with what she has been reduced to simply because it was seen as improper for a woman to question what a man was doing or for a woman to draw attention to her home life.

Term Paper on Ddbl Mobile Banking. Chittagong Cantonment Public College.

————————————————- 1. 0 Introduction Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL) has for the first time introduced its mobile banking service expanding the banking service from cities to remote areas. â€Å"Mobile banking is an alternative to the traditional banking through which banking service can be reached at the doorsteps of the deprived section of the society,† ————————————————- 1. 1 Origin of the Report This report is an outcome of one month Chittagong Cantonment Public College program prepared as the requirement of BBA program of the school of Business.The work on this report was carried out as Field based Report writing and presentation program on Dutch-Bangla Bank Mobile Banking in Bangladesh at the Mobile Banking Office, Agrabad MB Office, Shah Amir Plaza(1s tFloor),534/535, Sheikh Mujib Road Agrabad , Chittagong. This report is assigned and approved by academic supervisor Mr. Mohammed Abu Taher, Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Chittagong Cantonment Public College. The report is entitled as Field based Report writing and presentation program on Dutch-Bangla Bank Mobile Banking in Bangladesh. ————————————————- . 2 Objective of the study 1. To prepare a formal study on Mobile Banking System in the perspective of Bangladesh. 2. To know the acceptability level of transaction by Mobile Banking by rural people. 3. To find out the way of increasing the operational area of Mobile Banking in Bangladesh. 4. To identify the level of security and confidentiality of Mobile Banking in Bangladesh. 5. To find out the reasons of backwardness of Mobile Banking in rural area of Bangladesh. 6. To find out the remedies of the prob lems to implement mobile banking for rural people ————————————————- . 3 Methodology of the study The methodology exercised for this study is as follows: Types of Data: For this study both primary and secondary data has been used. a) Primary Source: Primary data have been collected form general people and user of cell phone and bank users. In order to collect the detail data, participatory observation method has also been used. b) Secondary Source: Beside primary data, necessary secondary data have been collected from the Newspapers, websites, textbooks, research articles, government publications and various published research works on mobile banking. ———————————————— 1. 4 Limitations of the study Maximum effort was given to make the study a successful one, but it suffers from some limitation those were apparently unavoidably. The major ones were: ? Shortage of time period: The major limitation faced to carry out this project was mainly time constraints. The time constraint of the study hindering the course of vast area and time for preparing a report within the mentioned period is really difficult. ? Secrecy of Management: The authority of DBBL did not disclose much information for keeping the organization confidential.They have restriction to disclose some secrete information to other. So, some data could not been collected for confidentiality or secrecy of management. ? Green field sector: One of the major limitations of this report is that no previous study is done before. So, secondary information was scarce. ? Busy working environment: The officials had some times been unable to provide information because of their huge routine work. That is why we do not gather vast knowledge about the critical issues. It is really difficult to gather data from the place where people do not know me for a long time. Lack of information: In the website, Mobile banking related information was limited. ————————————————- 2. 0 Organizational overview DBBL was the first bank in Bangladesh to be fully automated. The Electronic-Banking Division was established in 2002 to undertake rapid automation and bring modern banking services into this field. Full automation was completed in 2003 and hereby introduced plastic money to the Bangladeshi masses. DBBL also operates the nation's largest ATM fleet and in the process drastically cut consumer costs and fees by 80%.Moreover, DBBL choosing the low profitability route for this sector has surprised many critics. DBBL had pursued the mass automation in Banking as a CSR activity and never intended profitability from this sector. As a result it now provides unrivaled banking technology of ferings to all its customers. Because of this mindset, most local banks have joined DBBL's banking infrastructure instead of pursuing their own. Even with a history of hefty technological investments and an even larger donations, consumer and investor confidence has never waned.Dutch-Bangla Bank stock set the record for the highest share price in the Dhaka Stock Exchange in 2008. ————————————————- 2. 1 Pioneer of Mobile Banking Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL) has for the first time introduced its mobile banking service at 1st April, 2011 & expanding the banking service from cities to remote areas. Bangladesh Bank Governor Atiur Rahman yesterday inaugurated the service by depositing Tk 2,000 and withdrawing Tk 1,500 through Banglalink and Citycell mobile networks in Motijheel area. ———————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ 2. 2 Achievement of DBBL on Mobile Banking sector Awards received by DBBL for launching best mobile banking services: ————————————————- 2. 3 Agent of DBBL Mobile Banking  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Agents Mobile Banking – Agents : ( Total = 13721 ) Dhaka  Division  ( 5422 )| Chittagong  Division  ( 2368 )| Sylhet  Division  ( 830 )| Barisal  Division  ( 812 )| Rangpur  Division  ( 1489 )| Khulna  Division  ( 1305 )| Rajshahi  Division  ( 1495 )| ————————————————- . 4 DBBL Mobile Banking Model Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL), a technology savvy commercial bank in Bangladesh, started Mobile Banking on 31 March, 2011. DBBL has followed a unique model for deployment of the Mobile Banking in Bangladesh. DBBL model has the following characteristics:| 1| Bank-led model:  DBBL Mobile Banking is a Bank-led model to fulfill the basic banking needs utilizing mobile phones in Bangladesh where only 24% of the adult population has bank accounts, but 60% are using mobile phones.This is contrary to the Mobile Banking in developed countries where almost 100% of the adult people have bank account, and as such there is no need for discharging basic banking activities using mobile phones, rather there is a requirement for the banks to discharge conventional banking services over the existing bank accounts more conveniently using mobile phones. | 2| Vision:  The vision of the DBBL Mobile Banking is to promote Banking to the unbanked (unlike other models in developing countries which promote P2P or ‘Send Money’), and to develop savings habit among the unbanked.Accordingly DBBL Mobile Banking started with and providing highest importance to the registration with proper KYC, Cash-in and C ash-out activities. Other activities like P2P, disbursement of foreign remittance, salary/wages, government’s/other allowances, air-time top-up, buying goods and services etc are considered as the by-product of the basic banking services. | 34| An account, not a wallet:  DBBL Mobile Banking considers the deposit of the customer as balance in his mobile account like balance in the savings or current accounts, not as electronic money or wallet.Four parties involved: DBBL Mobile Banking has involved four parties – Bank, Mobile Network Operators (MNO), Agents and Customers with a commission model to suit each of the parties. The commission charged to the customers is acceptable to them (customers), and at the same time it is motivational for the Bank, MNO and agents to run their respective business. Highest priority is given to the benefits of customers and agents. | 5| Four Cash movement tiers:  Customers can cash-in/cash-out at agents, agents at super agents and the super agents at bank branches. Thus ll the cash is ultimately deposited at a bank branch. To make the transactions convenient, provision has been kept for the customers and agents to perform the transaction directly at bank branches/ATMs. | 6| Four Geographical tiers:  To have better and close supervision on the customers, agents and super agents, develop the mobile banking market, quick and localized data entry during customer registration, and the dispute management, the country has been divided into four tiers – territory, upozila, district and division. | ————————————————- . 5 Number of Customer in Comparison with others. 2. 6 ————————————————- 2. 6 Comparison between DBBL Mobile Banking & bKash SL NO| Service Features| DBBL| Bkash| Remarks for DBBL| 1| Registration | Free| Free| Tk 100/- initial deposit for approbal| 2| Cash in at Bank| Free| N/A| | 3| Cash in at agent| 1%| Free| | 4| Cash out at Branch| Free| N/A| | 5| Cash out at ATM| Free| 2%| | 6| Cash out at agent| 2%| 1. 85%| Expecting to reduce the fee to 1% | 7| Inward Foreign Remittance| Free| N/A| | ———————————————— 3. 1 Mobile banking system Mobile Banking is a Banking process without bank branch which provides financial services to unbanked communities efficiently and at affordable cost. Mobile banking is a term used for performing balance checks, account transactions, payments, credit applications and other banking transactions through a mobile device such as a mobile phone or Personal Digital Assistant. The mobile banking services were offered over SMS, a service known as SMS banking. ————————†”——————— 3. 2 Current situation of Mobile Banking in Bangladesh Mobile banking is a new technology in Bangladesh. Mobile banking is a term used for performing balance checks, account transactions, payment, etc via mobile device such as mobile phones. Most people heard about it but not have a clear idea, almost 94% people heard about mobile banking and 6% haven’t heard about mobile banking. Mobile banking started from 31st March 2011. Dutch Bangla Bank Limited pioneered in mobile banking services in Bangladesh.Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited launched the service in collaboration with mobile phone operators Banglalink, and CityCell. Primarily mobile banking will provide the clients with cash deposit, cash withdrawal, merchant payment, utility payment, salary disbursement, foreign remittance, and fund transfer services. Nine other banks have also been licensed by the Bangladesh Bank to introduce mobile banking. Bangladesh Bank governo r Atiur Rahman inaugurated the service through depositing money in and withdrawing cash from two DBBL-authorized mobile service centers at Naya Paltan and Purana Paltan areas in the city.Mobile banking is a new concept, because of this, it would be a little more expensive for the users. The aim of mobile banking is to bring more people under the umbrella of banking service. Government thinks it has a great prospect as it is a new technology in digital Bangladesh. But in Bangladesh many people think traditionally, because they cannot think it has any facility to use mobile banking. 69% people feel mobile banking has prospect in Bangladesh whereas 31% think it has no prospect in Bangladesh as many people will not feel interest or have belief on mobile banking. ———————————————— 3. 3 DBBL’s Mobile Banking Services and offers a) Customer relation b) Cash deposit c) Cash withdrawal d) Foreign remittance e) Salary disbursement f) Person to person transfer (P2P) g) Air time top up h) Balance inquiry ————————————————- 3. 4 DBBL’s Mobile Banking procedure The users will have to pay a service charge of Tk50 for depositing Tk5,000 and Tk 100 to withdraw the same amount of money.The service charge will be whichever amount is higher between Tk5 and 1 percent of the deposited money at the cash-in end and whichever amount is higher between Tk10 and 2 per cent of the money withdrawn from the cash-out end. Any Banglalink, airtel or CityCell mobile user can register as a recipient of the service by paying a Tk10 fee to any authorized agent point of the DBBL or any retailer of CityCell, airtel and Banglalink. After registration, the users will be given a personal identification number and a check digit ranging from one to nine which will be added to his/her mobile number that will act as security measures.Every user will need his/her mobile set, check digit and PIN for making any transaction. â€Å"Customer’s money is safe as no one can withdraw money without taking possession of the mobile set, PIN and the check digit all together, no one will be able to deposit unwanted money into a mobile banking account without knowing the check digit, although the mobile number is publicly known. † The mobile banking is a part of digitalizing the banking sector and the central bank’s plan to bring the masses under financial inclusion. ———————————————— 3. 5 Future prospect of Mobile Banking in Bangladesh Based on the ‘International Review of Business Research Papers' from World business Institute, Australia, following are the key functional trends possible in world of Mobile Banking. With the advent of technology and increasing use of smart phone and tablet based devices, the use of Mobile Banking functionality would enable customer connect across entire customer life cycle much comprehensively than before.With this scenario, current mobile banking objectives of say building relationships, reducing cost, achieving new revenue stream will transform to enable new objectives targeting higher level goals such as building brand of the banking organization. Emerging technology and functionalities would enable to create new ways of lead generation, prospecting as well as developing deep customer relationship and mobile banking world would achieve superior customer experience with bi-directional communications. Illustration of objective based functionality enrichment In Mobile Banking Communication enrichment: – Video Interaction with agents, advisors. * Pervasive Transactions capabilities: – Comprehensive â€Å"Mobile wallet† * Customer Education: – â€Å" Test drive† for demos of banking services. * Connect with new customer segment: – Connect with Gen Y – Gen Z using games and social network ambushed to surrogate bank’s offerings. * Content monetization: – Micro level revenue themes such as music, e-book download . * Vertical positioning: – Positioning offerings over mobile banking specific industries. * Horizontal positioning: – Positioning offerings over mobile banking across all the industries. ———————————————— 3. 6 History of Mobile Banking in Abroad Improving access to financial services, such as savings, deposits, insurance and remittances, is vital to reducing poverty. Savings can help poor people to invest in productive assets like livestock, a loan may help to expand business activities, and insurance can provide income for a family if a breadwinner becomes sick. In many developing countries, however, 9 out of 10 people do not have a bank account or access to basic financial services.Poor people are often not considered viable customers by the formal financial sector as their transaction sizes are small, and many live in remote areas beyond the reach of banks branch networks. Informal banking services such as microfinance and village savings and loan associations remain limited in their reach. The first mobile banking and payment initiatives were announced during 1999 (the same year that Fundamental deployed their first prototype). The first major deployment was made by a company called Pay box (largely supported financially by Deutsche Bank).The company was founded by two young German’s (Mathias Entemann and Eckart Ortwein) and successfully deployed the solution in Germany, Austria, Sweden, Spain and the UK. At about 2003 more than a million people were registered on Pay box and the company was rated by Gartner as the leader in the fiel d. Unfortunately Deutsche Bank withdraws their financial support and the company had to reorganize quickly. All but the operations in Austria closed down. Another early starter and also identified as a leader in the field was a Spanish initiative (backed by BBVA and Telephonica), called Mobi Pago.The name was later changed to Mobi Pay and all banks and mobile operators in Spain were invited to join. The product was launched in 2003 and many retailers were acquired to accept the special USSD payment confirmation. Because of the complex shareholding and the constant political challenges of the different owners, the product never fulfilled the promise that it had. With no marketing support and no compelling reason for adoption, this initiative is floundering at the moment. Many other large players announced initiatives and ran pilots with big fanfare, but never showed traction and all initiatives were ultimately discontinued.Some of the early examples are the famous vending machines at the Helsinki airport supported by a system from Nokia. Siemens made announcements in conjunction with listed and high-flying German e-commerce company, Brokat. Brokat also won the lucrative Vodafone contract in 2002, but crashed soon afterwards when it runs out of funds. Israel (as can be expected) produced a large number of mobile payment start-ups. Of the many, only one survived – Trivnet. Others like Adamtech (with a technically sound solution called Cell pay) and Paytt disappeared after a number of pilots but without any successful production deployments.Initiatives in Norway, Sweden and France never got traction. France Telecom launched an ambitious product based on a special mobile phone with an integrated card reader. The solution worked well, but never became popular because of the unattractive, special phone that participants needed in order to perform these payments. Since 2004, mobile banking and payment industry has come of age. Successful deployments with positi ve business cases and big strategic impact have been seen recently. 3. 7 ————————————————- Mobile Banking servicesMobile banking can offer service such as the following: Account information: i. Mini- statement and checking of account history ii. Alerts on account activity or passing of set thresholds iii. Monitoring of term deposits iv. Access to loan statements v. Access to card statements vi. Mutual funds/equity statement vii. Insurance policy management viii. Pension plan management ix. Status on cheque, stop payment on cheque. Payment and transfers: i. Domestic and international fund transfers ii. Micro-payment handling iii. Mobile recharging iv. Commercial payment processing v. Bill payment processing i. Person to Person payment Investment: i. Portfolio management service ii. Real-time stock quotes iii. Personalized alerts and notification on security prices Support: i. Status of request for credit including mortgage approval, and insurance ii. Coverage iii. Check (cheque) book and card requests iv. Exchange of data messages and email, including complaint submission and tracking v. ATM location Content service: i. General information such as weather up dates, news ii. Loyalty-related offers iii. Location-based services ————————————————- . 8 Basic Mobile Banking Technologies There are four fundamental approaches to mobile banking. The first two rely on technologies that are standard features on almost all cell phones. Interactive Voice Response (IVR): If we have ever called our credit card issuer and meander through a confusion of prompts — â€Å"For English, press 1; for account information, press 2† – then you’re familiar with interactive voice response. In mobile banking, it works like this: Banks advertis e a set of numbers to their customers. a) Customers dial an IVR number on their mobile phones. ) They are greeted by a stored electronic message followed by a menu of options. c) Customers select an option by pressing the corresponding number on their keypads. d) A text-to-speech program reads out the desired information. IVR is the least sophisticated and the least â€Å"mobile† of all the solutions. In fact, it doesn’t require a mobile phone at all. It also only allows for inquiry-based transactions, so customers can’t use it for more advanced services. ————————————————- 3. 9 Mobile Banking Business Model Banking models is evolving.If mobile banking is being used to attract low-income populations in often rural locations, the business model will depend on banking type. These models differ primarily on the question that who will establish the relation ship (account opening, deposit taking, lending etc. ) to the end customer. Bank-focused model The bank-focused model emerges when a traditional bank uses non-traditional low-cost delivery channels to provide banking services to its existing customers. Example: range from use of automatic teller machines (ATMs) to internet banking or mobile phone banking to provide certain limited banking services to bank’s customers.Bank-led model The bank-led model offers a distinct alternative to conventional branch-based banking in that customer conducts financial transactions through mobile phone instead of at bank branches or through bank employees. This model promises the potential to substantially increase the financial services outreach by using retailers or mobile phones. Non-bank-led model The non-bank-led model is where a bank has a limited role in the day-to-day account management. Typically its role in this model is limited to safe-keeping of funds.Account management functions ar e conducted by a non-bank who has direct contact with individual customers. ————————————————- 3. 10 Advantage of Mobile Banking The biggest advantage that mobile banking offers to banks is that it drastically cuts down the costs of providing service to the customers. For example an average teller or phone transaction costs about $2. 36 each, whereas an electronic transaction costs only about $0. 10 each. Additionally, this new channel gives the bank ability to cross-sell up-sell their other complex banking products and services such as vehicle loans, credit cards etc.For service providers, Mobile banking offers the next surest way to achieve growth. Countries like Korea where mobile penetration is nearing saturation, mobile banking is helping service providers increase revenues from the now static subscriber base. Service providers are increasingly using the complexity of their supported mobile banking services to attract new customers and retain old ones. A very effective way of improving customer service could be to inform customers better. Credit card fraud is one such area.A bank could, through the use of mobile technology, inform owners each time purchases above a certain value have been made on their card. This way the owner is always informed when their card is used, and how much money was taken for each transaction. Similarly, the bank could remind customers of outstanding loan repayment dates, dates for the payment of monthly installments or simply tell them that a bill has been presented and is up for payment. The customers can then check their balance on the phone and authorize the required amounts for payment. The customers can also request for additional information.They can automatically view deposits and withdrawals as they occur and also pre- schedule payments to be made or cheques to be issued. Similarly, one could also request for s ervices like stop cheque or issue of a cheque book over one’s mobile phone. There are number of reasons that should persuade banks in favor of mobile phones. They are set to become a crucial part of the total banking services experience for the customers. Also, they have the potential to bring down costs for the bank itself. Through mobile messaging and other such interfaces, banks provide value added services to the customer at marginal costs.Such messages also bear the virtue of being targeted and personal making the services offered more effective. They will also carry better results on account of better customer profiling. Yet another benefit is the anywhere/anytime characteristics of mobile services. A mobile is almost always with the customer. As such it can be used over a vast geographical area. The customer does not have to visit the bank ATM or a branch to avail of the bank’s services. Research indicates that the number of footfalls at a bank’s branch h as fallen down drastically after the installation of ATMs.As such with mobile services, a bank will need to hire even less employees as people will no longer need to visit bank branches apart from certain occasions. With Indian telecom operators working on offering services like money transaction over a mobile, it may soon be possible for a bank to offer phone based credit systems. This will make credit cards redundant and also aid in checking credit card fraud apart from offering enhanced customer convenience. The use of mobile technologies is thus a winwin proposition for both the banks and the bank’s customers.The banks add to this personalized communication through the process of automation. For instance, if the customer asks for his account or card balance after conducting a transaction, the installed software can send him an automated reply informing of the same. These automated replies thus save the bank the need to hire additional employees for servicing customer need s. ————————————————- 3. 11 Disadvantage of Mobile Banking Security: Security experts generally agree that mobile banking is safer than computer banking because very few viruses and Trojans exist for phones.That does not mean mobile banking is immune to security threats, however. Mobile users are especially susceptible to a phishing-like scam called â€Å"smishing. † It happens when a mobile banking user receives a fake text message asking for bank account details from a hacker posing as a financial institution. Many people have fallen for this trick and had money stolen through this scam. Online banking is usually done through an encrypted connection so that hackers cannot read transmitted data, but consider the consequences if your mobile device is stolen.While all banking applications require us to enter a password or PIN, many people configure their mobile device s to save passwords, or use insecure passwords and PINs that are easy to guess. Compatibility: We need a smart phone to get the most out of mobile banking. Mobile banking is not available on every device. Some banks do not provide mobile banking at all. Others require you to use a custom mobile banking application only available on the most popular smart phones, such as the Apple iPhone and RIM Blackberry. Third-party mobile banking software is not always supported.If we do not own a smart phone, the types of mobile banking we can do are usually limited. Checking bank account balances via text message is not a problem, but more advanced features such as account transfers are generally not available to users of â€Å"dumb phones. † Cost: The cost of mobile banking might not appear significant if we already have a compatible device, but we still need to pay data and text messaging fees. Some financial institutions charge an extra fee for mobile banking service, and we may need to pay a fee for software. These extra charges quickly add up, especially if we access mobile banking ———————————————— 4. 1 Incentive disbursement utilizing Mobile Banking DBBL providing incentive disbursement services by utilizing mobile banking. This is very quick & convenient process of incentive disbursement. Some companies are signed agreement with DBBL for this service. Such as: Dutch-Bangla Bank (DBBL) and D. Net has signed an agreement on August 07, 2012 on Mobile Banking Services at the Head Office of DBBL. The agreement was signed by Dr. Ananya Raihan, Executive Director of D. Net and Mr. K. S. Tabrez, Managing Director of DBBL on behalf of their respective organizations.Under this agreement, field level agents of D. Net will receive their commission in their DBBL Mobile Banking Accounts. After receiving their incentive, commission, salary in their mobile account s, the agents will be able to withdraw/ deposit cash from any nearby agent or DBBL branches, withdraw money from any DBBL ATM, transfer money to other mobile accounts, buy goods and services from retailers and pay utility bills throughout the country and moreover will get the opportunity of â€Å"Banking with a bank†. Dr. Ananya Raihan, Executive Director of D. Net and Mr. K. S.Tabrez, Managing Director of DBBL sign on behalf of their respective organizations. ————————————————- 4. 2 Salary payment utilizing Mobile Banking DBBL providing salary payment services by utilizing mobile banking. This service makes quick salary payment to large number of employee in organization. Some company signed agreement with DBBL for this service. Such as: Dutch-Bangla Bank (DBBL) and  Bengal  Group of Industries have signed an agreement on Mobile  BankingServices at the DBBL He ad Office on June 06, 2012. The agreement was signed by Mr. Humayun Kabir, Director, Bengal Group of Industries and Mr.Mir Mominul Huq, Head of Mobile Banking, DBBL on behalf of their respective organizations. Under this agreement, employees of  Bengal  Group  of Industries will receive their monthly salaries in their DBBL Mobile Banking Accounts. After receiving their salaries in their mobile accounts, employees will be able to withdraw/ deposit cash from any nearby agent, DBBL branches and ATMs, transfer money to other mobile accounts, buy goods and services from retailers and pay utility bills throughout the country and moreover will get the opportunity of banking with a bank. Mr. Mir Mominul Huq, Head of Mobile Banking and Mr.Humayun Kabir, Director, Bengal Group of Industries, DBBL on behalf of their respective organizations. ————————————————- 4. 3 Real Cardless ATM Transaction utilizing Mobile Banking At DBBL, the mobile banking customers physically go to an ATM, push the †Mobile Banking† marked button, type their mobile account number, the amount to withdraw, their PIN and push the â€Å"Correct† marked button. The customers then receive a Push-sms or IVR call to their mobile phone from the Mobile Banking system requesting them to type their PIN again on their mobile phone.The customers then type their PIN and the ATM dispenses the requested money. In the DBBL process, the customers operate the ATM using their mobile phone instead of a debit or credit card. DBBL has innovated a real cardless ATM transaction for the first time in the world which is AML compliant, convenient and secure, protecting you from the risk of ATM frauds like skimming. Real Cardless ATM Transactions For the first time in the world. ——————————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 4. 4 Prepaid Top-UP utilizing Mobile Banking.All the Dutch-Bangla Bank Mobile Banking account holders no longer have to take the time and trouble of finding and visiting a nearby location to top-up their mobile phone talk time/airtime. With the convenience of Dutch-Bangla Bank Mobile Banking, they can top up their own or someone else’s talk time/ airtime free of charge. anytime. anywhere. Top-up using with Mobile Banking. ————————————————- 5. 1 Implementation of Mobile Banking through Rural People Rural poor people living on less than 140 taka a day, they can receive banking services via their mobile phones.It probably won't happen, but it would be amazing if it did. ? Increase Interest to Use: Many rural people heard about mobile banking. But they yet have not felt that they should use it as they are happy to use traditional banking system. Some peopl e feel interest to use it. About 55% people feel they should use it and 45% people haven’t feel to use mobile banking. ? Make easy transfer of money: The problem of domestic remittances is often overlooked. large cities like Dhaka are home to millions of migrants who would love to send money back to their families elsewhere in the country but who are unbanked and have no real means of doing so.But they want to send money to village. The ability to remit money domestically with little more than a text message could be revolutionary. ? Transfer international remittance: People’s international remittances, which already a big part of national income, can be transferred by mobile phone to their relatives. Mobile banking has ability to send money directly from mobile phone to mobile phone is orders of magnitude easier and cheaper. ? Reduce Cost and increase saving: About 75% rural people are poor, they lives under poverty line.It is convenient, affordable and it is much mor e effective in developing savings habits, it will make access to banking and advanced payment transactions at affordable cost. All people know that its cost is not higher than traditional banking. Around 56% people say its cost is lower, 20% say same and 24% say it is affordable than traditional banking. ? Make them banked: Then there's the emphasis on the rural people to introduce in banking. Although the rural people are more likely to be unbanked and therefore in need of mobile banking services, they haven't been directly targeted by many of the first wave of mobile banking providers.The rural people, of course, are both a new customer segment and generally the very last adopters of any new technology. It's hard to sell banking services to someone who neither knows nor understands what a bank is. ? Motivate them to use their Accounts: Another risk is that the goal will be reached but in name only, people might have mobile-banking accounts, and might even automatically get such an account when they get their phone. But the accounts might not be used, and in so far as they are used, they might be use only for payments and not for real banking services.So they have to be motivated. ? Make it easy to use: It is much more effective in developing savings habits. Its using system is also easy. Anyone can use it. Poor rural people are often not considered viable customers by the formal financial sector as their transaction sizes are small, and many live in remote areas beyond the reach of banks branch networks. ? Aware them that Mobile Banking is better than Traditional Banking: Mobile banking is real time on-line banking. Show them how mobile banking is on-line banking and it takes less time than traditional banking.It will make access to banking and advanced payment, transactions at affordable cost. ? Introduce Time Saving banking: Mobile banking is available anytime, anywhere throughout the country. So it can save one’s time. But about 70% people think th at mobile banking can save their time, where as 30% think it cannot save time. ? Make secure and trust worthy banking: Make mobile banking much safer and safeguard against fraudulent transactions, and one can trust mobile banking as traditional banking system. Show them it has secured pin code which is known by the user, and also has a check digit without it no one can deposit money.The poor rural people often have greater familiarity and trust with mobile phone companies than formal banking institutions. ?Save them from unnecessary harassment: Informal banking services such as microfinance and village savings and loan associations remain limited in their reach. So, mobile banking system develops to bring poor rural people into banking system. 83% people face or heard no problem to use mobile banking. But 17% people heard or face problems to use it like sometimes transaction do not reach at time, cannot operate it easily as traditional banking. Make a promise to serve better: The pr omise of mobile banking for the rural people is that mobile phone providers have managed to get a degree of penetration among the country's rural people. Mobile phone providers are likely to continue in the direction they're headed in at the moment, staying away from banking regulation, confining themselves largely to payments rather than fully-fledged banking, and targeting their entire customer base without any particular emphasis on the bottom of the pyramid.Will the mobile phone companies sign on, even if they see lots of regulatory headaches and very few profits by doing so? The answer to that question could be the given by the mobile companies and banks. ————————————————- 5. 2 Benefits of Mobile Banking in Prospective of rural people. Mobile banking has several benefits for peoples, specially for rural poor people: ? Mobile banking Makes Life Easier: It is real time on-line banking, available anytime, anywhere throughout the country. It is convenient, affordable and secure; it is much more effective in developing savings habits ?Speedy and safeguard: It will make access to banking and advanced payment transactions at affordable cost. It is much safer, speedy and safeguard against fraudulent transactions. All of the characteristics of mobile banking make life easier. ? Secure: In mobile banking is Secure, a confidential pin code is used by the user. PIN ensures security of money and protects fraudulent transactions. So mobile banking is fully secured. ?Any time access: One benefit of mobile banking is a very speedy process. Transaction can be done anytime anywhere quickly in less time. 00% people believe that it is a speedy process. ? Small account for poor: Mobile banking started with the idea to bring the poor rural under the umbrella of banking sector especially rural poor as there are not much bank facilities, also there savings is low so th ey feel shy to go to bank. ? Easy to use: Its using system is also easy. Anyone can use it. ? Easy way to send money: People are like to send money easily to their relatives; Mobile banking has ability to send money directly by mobile phone. People can get the service of easy transferring money through mobile banking. Remittance transfer: International remittances can be transferred by mobile phone to one country to another. Mobile banking has ability to send money directly from mobile phone to mobile phone. ? Increase banking activities: Although the rural people are unbanked by mobile banking services they are converted into banked people. It is developing savings habits, it will make access to banking and advanced payment transactions. ————————————————- 5. 3 Challenges for a Mobile Banking Solutions Key challenges in developing sophisticated mobile banking applications are: . Handset operability: There are a large number of different mobile phone devices and it is a big challenge for banks to offer mobile banking solution on any type of device. Some of these devices support Java ME and others support SIM Application Toolkit, a WAP browser, or only SMS. Initial interoperability issues however have been localized, with countries like India using portals like R-World to enable the limitations of low end java based phones, while focus on areas such as South Africa have defaulted to the USSD as a basis of communication achievable with any phone.The desire for interoperability is largely dependent on the banks themselves, where installed applications (Java based or native) provide better security, are easier to use and allow development of more complex capabilities similar to those of internet banking while SMS can provide the basics but becomes difficult to operate with more complex transactions. There is a myth that there is a challenge of interoperab ility between mobile banking applications due to perceived lack of common technology standards for mobile banking.In practice it is too early in the service lifecycle for interoperability to be addressed within an individual country, as very few countries have more than one mobile banking service provider. In practice, banking interfaces are well defined and money movements between banks follow the IS0-8583 standard. As mobile banking matures, money movements between service providers will naturally adopt the same standards as in the banking world. On January 2009, Mobile Marketing Association (MMA) Banking Sub-Committee, chaired by CellTrust and VeriSign Inc. published the Mobile Banking Overview for financial institutions in which it discussed the advantages and disadvantages of Mobile Channel Platforms such as Short Message Services (SMS), Mobile Web, Mobile Client Applications, SMS with Mobile Web and Secure SMS. 2. Security: Security of financial transactions, being executed fr om some remote location and transmission of financial information over the air, are the most complicated challenges that need to be addressed jointly by mobile application developers, wireless network service providers and the banks' IT departments.The following aspects need to be addressed to offer a secure infrastructure for financial transaction over wireless network: * Physical part of the hand-held device. If the bank is offering smart-card based security, the physical security of the device is more important. * Security of any thick-client application running on the device. In case the device is stolen, the hacker should require at least an ID/Password to access the application. * Authentication of the device with service provider before initiating a transaction. This would ensure that unauthorized devices are not connected to perform financial transactions. User ID / Password authentication of bank’s customer. ? Encryption of the data being transmitted over the air. * Encryption of the data that will be stored in device for later / off-line analysis by the customer. * One-time passwords (OTP’s) is the latest tool used by financial and banking service providers in the fight against cyber fraud. Instead of relying on traditional memorized passwords, OTPs are requested by consumers each time they want to perform transactions using the online or mobile banking interface. When the request is received the password is sent to the consumer’s phone via SMS.The password is expired once it has been used or once its scheduled life-cycle has expired. Because of the concerns made explicit above, it is extremely important that SMS gateway providers can provide a decent quality of service for banks and financial institutions in regards to SMS services. Therefore, the provision of service level agreements (SLAs) is a requirement for this industry; it is necessary to give the bank customer delivery guarantees of all messages, as well as measurements on the speed of delivery, throughput, etc. SLAs give the service parameters in which a messaging solution is guaranteed to perform. . Application distribution: Due to the nature of the connectivity between bank and its customers, it would be impractical to expect customers to regularly visit banks or connect to a web site for regular upgrade of their mobile banking application. It will be expected that the mobile application itself check the upgrades and updates and download necessary patches (so called â€Å"Over the Air† updates). However, there could be many issues to implement this approach such as upgrade / synchronization of other dependent components. ————————————————- 5. Problems to implement of Mobile Banking through rural people Key challenges in developing a sophisticated mobile banking application through rural people are: * Poverty: Poverty is a main pr oblem of 3rd world country like Bangladesh. Rural people are not able to buy their food easily, so how they can buy a mobile phone or open a account in bank? * Illiterate people: A big amount of rural people are illiterate, so they are not aware of banking system yet. So they are not interested in mobile banking system. * Weak infrastructure: The socio economic infrastructure is very weak in Bangladesh.About more than 80% rural people has no account in traditional banking system, where mobile banking is a new concept, people have doubt about mobile banking. * Lack of trust: As it is a new method of banking people haven’t 100% faith on it. So, people don’t want to take any risk by giving suggestion to use it. Rural people feel it will not make life easier as it may not be trust worthy and it is not secured as they cannot fully trust on online banking than traditional banking system. * Lack of awareness: The rural people have lack of awareness they feel upper class or mi ddle class people can use mobile banking. Operating complexity: Handset operability is a vital problem of Mobile Banking There are a large number of different mobile phone devices and it is a big challenge for banks to offer mobile banking solution on any type of device. There is a problem that there is a challenge of interoperability between mobile banking applications due to perceived lack of knowledge in technology standards for mobile banking. * Security: Security of financial transactions, being executed from some remote location and transmission of financial information over the air, are the most complicated challenges that eed to be addressed jointly by mobile application developers, wireless network service providers and the banks' IT departments. When Security of any thick-client application running on the device. In case the device is stolen, the hacker should require at least an ID/Password to access the application. Banks unable to meet the performance and reliability ex pectations may lose customer confidence. 6. 0 ————————————————- Mobile Banking at a Glance ————————————————- 6. 1 What is Mobile Banking?Mobile banking is a Banking process without bank branch which provides financial service to unbanked communities efficiently and at affordable cost. To provide banking and financial service through mobile technology devices i. e mobile phone called mobile banking. ————————————————- 6. 2 Benefits of Mobile Banking: * Real time on-line banking. * Available anytime, anywhere throughout the country. * It is convenient, affordable and secure. * It is much more effective in developing saving habits. * It will make access to banking and advanced payment transactions at affordable cost. It is much safe, speedy and safeguard against fraudulent transactions. 6. 3 ————————————————- What does DBBL Mobile Banking offer? * Customer Registration. * Cash-in (Cash deposit). * Cash-out (Cash withdrawal) * Foreign Remittance. * Salary disbursement. * Person to person transfer (P2P). * Mobile Top-Up. * Balance inquiry. 6. 4 ————————————————- Where to register? Customer can register at any authorized agent point of DBBL who can display â€Å"DBBL Agent Certificate† and â€Å"DBBL Mobile Banking Banner†. . How to register mobile account? * Customer fills up the KYC Form and submits to agent along with his or her photograph and national ID. * Agent goes to Customer Registration Menu fr om his or her mobile and inserts customer’s mobile number. * Customer receives an IVR call or USSD prompt and in reply, she or he gives 4-digit PIN number at his or her choice. * A Mobile Account is created in DBBL system which is his or her mobile number +one check digit. * Customer receives a confirmation SMS which contains his or her Mobile Account Number. 2 . Why PIN is required?PIN is required to be inputted during cash withdrawal from an Agent Point of DBBL or DBBL Branch or DBBL ATM. PIN ensure security of your money and protect fraudulent transactions. 3. Why PIN is strictly confidential? PIN is the key for transaction of Mobile Banking. Only correct match of PIN & Mobile Number can access the Mobile Account. PIN is needed to verify the A/C owner by the system. If a PIN is disclosed, respective account is at risk; therefore, PIN should be handled very carefully. 4. Why Check Digit? Mobile number is public and known to many people.Without knowing your check digit, none will be able to deposit money at your account, thus it helps to keep your mobile account confidential. On the other hand, a check digit eliminates typing error, thus protects sending or depositing money to a wrong account. 5. Which Telco’s Mobile can be registered? Customer having any mobile from any mobile operator can be registered for DBBL Mobile Banking at any nominated agent point of the bank. 6. What are the necessary documents for registration? * Duly filled in KYC form. * Photograph of account holder. National ID or any other acceptable ID with photograph. 7. What is my Mobile Account Number? Your mobile account number is your mobile number with an additional check digit. For example, if your mobile number is 01233445566 and check digit is 3, then your mobile number account will be 012334455663. 8. What type of mobile set is required? Any type of mobile set can be used for DBBL mobile banking. 9. How much initial deposit is required? Customer can open a DBBL Mobile A ccount with an initial deposit of taka 100/- (one hundred) only. 10. Can I deposit and withdraw money immediately after registration?You can deposit money immediately after registration. However, you can withdraw after your account is fully registered. Bank officer verify the information on the registration form (KYC form) and authorizes the account for full registration. Normally 1-2working days are required for full registration. After your account is fully registrated, you will get an SMS notification. ————————————————- 7. 1 Findings 1. Maximum people are unknown with DBBL Mobile Banking. 2. Maximum rural people are illiterate. 3. DDBL Mobile Banking only provides Savings Account facility not others. . DBBL not providing merchant payment service. 5. Sometimes facing network problem. 6. DBBL do not sanction loan by Mobile Banking. 7. Cash inflow & outflow charge is highe r. 8. Hide information/ Not provide real information. 9. Difficult to collect necessary information. 10. Limited number of Mobile Banking Branch. ————————————————- 7. 2 Recommendations After reviewing these problems, we can follow the following recommendations: ? Increase Awareness: The rural people have lack of awareness and they haven’t much faith on it.So banks and mobile phone companies and government have to make them aware about mobile banking. ? Interest to Use: Banks and mobile phone companies and government have to promote the mobile banking system and grow interest in peoples mind. ? Develop infrastructure: The socio economic infrastructure is very weak. Government has to develop the infrastructure to ensure education to all and then people can gather knowledge and they can remove their doubt about mobile banking. ? Make easier to use: Mobile banking syste m is easy, but to rural people it is not so easy to use.Mobile companies and banks have to make the process easier than now. ? Reduce cost: I think the current mobile banking provider DBBL charge much for transaction. To grow interest in peoples mind transaction cost has to reduce. ? Security: Security is the main barrier which has to ensure for mobile banking process. And many people have doubt in their mind about that. So the process has to make more Trust Worthy ? Campaign: Rural people are not aware about banking system. About more than 80% of people has no account in traditional banking system, where mobile banking is a new concept.So it is essential to make campaigns in village to village to aware them. ? Tell the people about the benefits: Mobile banking is a banking process that offers financial services like cash deposit, cash withdrawal, merchant payment, utility payment, salary disbursement, remittance inflow and outflow and government allowance disbursement through mobil e gadgets. ? Develop operability: Make easy and effective operating of mobile phone to banking like using Short Message Services (SMS), Mobile Web, Mobile Client Applications, SMS with Mobile Web and Secure SMS will increase mobile banking activities. Ensure security through wireless network: The physical security of the mobile device is more important. Security of any ID/Password is more important. ? Ensure reliability: With mobile banking, the customer may be sitting in any part of the world (true anytime, anywhere banking) and hence banks need to ensure that the systems are up and running in a true 24 x 7 fashion will increase banks performance and reliability of customer. ————————————————- 7. 3 Conclusion The growth of mobile banking technology is increasingly hard to ignore.Analyst firm & Research reports that nearly 50 percent of all mobile users in the United States will be using mobile banking within four years use mobile financial services today. With the advent of technology and increasing use of smart phone and tablet based devices, the use of Mobile Banking functionality would enable customer connect across entire customer life cycle much comprehensively than before. Mobile banking can play a vital role both banking and mobile sector. It has also impact on social sector too. One day Mobile banking will make rural people’s life easier than today.Although it has been tried on the best level to make this report informative and better but limitations are inevitable for any report. Finally, we would like to say the overall performance of DBBL Mobile Banking section is excellent. Their progressive trends are quite consistent and steady. This will help the Bank and facilitate as a market leader in Banking sector. ——————————————— - Abbreviations DBBL=Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited. KYC= Know Your Customer. IVR= Interactive Voice Response. USSD=Unstructured Supplementary Service Data.UISC=Union information and Service center. P2P=Person to person. ATM=Automated Teller Machine. PIN=Personal identification number. ————————————————- Questionnaire 1. DBBL Mobile banking division can provide services according to customer demand. * Yeas * No 2. What are the major constraint’s of mobile banking? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. What are the objectives of DBBL ? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. How many mobile Banking Account DBBL have? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5. What is the latest service of DBBL Mobile Banking? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6. Is rural people can easily adopt DBBL Mobile Banking service. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7. What is DBBL Future plan ? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8. What new service DBBL want to add with existing service? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9. Is Mobile Banking Division of DBBL profitable . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10. What are the major problem can you face? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11. What are the difference between DBBL Mobile Banking and bkash ? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12.What are the security measure taken from DBBL for Mobile account? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13. How do you provide foreign Remittance and Air – Time Top- up service? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14. What are the CSR activities DBBL perform? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15. How DBBL Sanction loan to its customer by Mobile banking? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16. Why DBBL can’t sign deal with Gramen Phone and Robi ? But they are holding first and se cond position among Mobile phone operator. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17.In case of traditional Banking there is no charge for deposite or withdraw but in Mobile Banking customer have to pay charges for both deposite or withdraw. Why? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ————————————————- Bibliography References: Dutch-Bangla Bank Ltd. (DBBL) Mobile Banking Office , Agrabad , Chittagong. (2012, September 22) http://www. marketresearch. com (2012, September 22) http://www. dutchbanglabank. com (2012, September 22) http://www. d utchbanglabank. com/mobile_banking. html (2012,September22 ) http://www. bankinfobd. com/banks/17/Dutch_Bangla_Bank (2012, September 20) http://en:wikipedia. rg/ wiki/mobile banking (2012, September 20 ) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/smsbanking (2012, September 20) http://en. wilipedia. org/wiki/online banking (2012, September 20) http. //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/telephone banking (2012, September 20) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/automated-tellermachine (2012, September 20) http://www. enterpriseinnovation. net (2012, September 20) http://www. sybase. com (2012, September 20) http://www. mbanking. blogspot. com (2012, September 20) http://www. grameen-info. org/index. php (2012, September 20) http://www. mobilebankingsystems. com

Political Awareness Essay

Social media become an important medium of communication in the modern time in which it is provide powerful channels of information between politician and citizens. Besides that, the social media act as proactive devices for encouraging the citizen to participate in democratic process. The social media an important medium of information have influence people’s thought and action about politics and encouraged people to give opinions, critics and suggestions as well as participate in politics. Therefore, the social media is one of the primary mechanism in the political scene and capable of making political issues. However, it gives a negative aspects on political issues in which people may give wrong information and it also enjoys a positive function by spreading information across society quickly and enjoys freedom of speech. The development of new technology encourages youth to engage in politics. Youth today most likely to use the social media like Facebook, twitter, blog and you tube as medium of communication to interact with others. For example, blogs play an important role in political communication and in forming the opinions of political actors and politically interested users. Their ability to facilitate active interaction, present opinions, mobilize voters, as well as influence public opinion and eventually election outcomes makes political blogs an interesting. Online social networks provide us with convenient platform for such analysis. The data from many social networks is publicly available. Furthermore, social media has emerged as a significant platform for discussion and dissemination of political information. For example, Pew surveys (Smith, 2011) found that 22% of adult Internet users participated in political campaigns through at least one of the major social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Myspace during the 2010 U.S. elections. However, people would not use social media regularly for interaction that lead to political engagement. People usually discuss about politic in social media only time of election in which political parties, political activists and organizations promote, persuade and wishing to increase participation by citizen. There is an analysis of social media usage for political purposes by young people during the United Kingdom general election in 2005. It  emphasized that the role of social media for reinforcing existing democratic awareness rather than as an alternative mode of political socialization. Interestingly, the percentages of the youth are much likely use social media in accessing political information for news and information about parties as well as candidates than older users. Thus, the social media plays an important role as strategies by political parties to target young voters are a valuable approach in attracting disaffected citizens. However, it also indicates that political engagement by young people may show signs of becoming misuse to the new social media where mobilization and activism may be more increase if they are social media users.